Le cobalt est actuellement indispensable à la plupart des batteries utilisées dans les véhicules électriques. Alors que la transition énergétique va renforcer cette situation grâce notamment à la croissance des ventes de voitures électriques, les pays producteurs comme la RDC ont une carte à jouer.
Pour la première fois dans l’histoire, la demande annuelle de cobalt provenant de l’industrie des véhicules électriques a dépassé, avec 34 %, celles des autres secteurs en 2021. C’est ce qu’a annoncé le Cobalt Institute dans un rapport publié le mardi 17 mai, précisant que cette tendance va se poursuivre dans les années à venir, portant le chiffre à plus de 50 % d’ici 2026.
« Alors que les véhicules électriques continuent de révolutionner la mobilité verte et durable, les batteries contenant du cobalt sont une technologie de choix pour de nombreux constructeurs automobiles en Europe, en Amérique du Nord et en Chine », indique Adam McCarthy, président du Cobalt Institute. La demande mondiale devrait en outre passer de 175 000 tonnes l’année dernière à 320 000 tonnes d’ici 2026, soit un taux de croissance annuel composé de 12,7 %.
Ce nouveau rapport apporte davantage d’arguments au gouvernement de RDC, premier producteur mondial du métal avec 74 % de l’offre en 2021, qui cherche à développer une industrie locale de transformation des métaux comme le cobalt ou le lithium. L’objectif est d’approvisionner directement le marché des véhicules électriques en fabricant des matériaux pour batteries, afin d’engranger davantage de revenus.
Malgré sa position dominante dans l’extraction, la RDC est en effet à la traine concernant les autres étapes de la chaine de valeur du cobalt. La Chine demeure ainsi le plus grand raffineur de cobalt au monde, avec 72 % de l’offre. Pour atteindre ses objectifs, Kinshasa a notamment créé le DRC Battery Council et veut s’associer à d’autres producteurs africains de métaux stratégiques comme la Zambie pour le cuivre.
Si la réussite de ces projets permettait au pays de tirer profit du contexte favorable actuel et à venir, la RDC devrait néanmoins éviter les écueils qui l’ont jusqu’ici empêchée de tirer pleinement profit de ses ressources naturelles. Il s’agit certes de la corruption, mais aussi des contrats « léonins » avec des groupes étrangers, sans oublier le non-respect des lois de la République qui constitue un frein à l’attractivité du pays auprès des investisseurs miniers.
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